Libyan Journal of Educational Research and E-Learning (LJERE)
The Libyan Journal of Educational Research and E-Learning (LJERE) (ISSN: 3105-3556), published by the Libyan Association for Research in Education and E-learning, is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal. We are dedicated to publishing high-quality, original research that advances the fields of education and e-learning. With ISSN (ISSN: 3105-3556), our mission is to provide a platform for scholars and practitioners to share research on educational methodologies, pedagogical innovation, and the use of technology in teaching and learning. LJERE publishes two issues annually. Our scope is broad, covering research on e-learning, AI in education, teacher training, special education, and educational policy. We also welcome studies related to the education of various subjects, including Biology, Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, English and Arabic Languages, and Fine Art Education. We are committed to fostering a global community of researchers and contributing to the improvement of educational practices.
Libyan Association for Research in Education and E-learning
Difficulties in Learning English Pronunciation among EFL Students
This study investigates the pronunciation difficulties faced by EFL students, focusing on consonants, vowels, word stress, sentence stress, intonation, and rhythm. It also examines the effect of limited exposure to English and lack of practice opportunities. The study used the descriptive analytical method. A questionnaire was distributed to 120 students from the Faculty of Education, Qasr Bin Ghashir, and the data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that students face clear pronunciation difficulties, with an overall mean score of 2.59. The most influential factors were the need for more effective pronunciation training and limited exposure to English. The findings also showed no significant differences according to gender, while significant differences appeared according to English proficiency level, as low-proficiency students faced greater difficulties. The study recommends giving more attention to pronunciation teaching and providing more practice opportunities
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Punctuation Errors in English Writing Faced by Second-Year Students at the Faculty of Languages, Al Khums, Libya
This research deals with the errors in punctuation marks made by second year students at the Faculty of Languages, Alkhums, Libya. The objective of the current research is to explore the frequent punctuation errors made by students and to determine the reasons for such errors in their English writings. A descriptive qualitative methodology was adopted for conducting the present research. English writing assignments by second year students formed the source of data, which was analyzed using Error Analysis Methodology. The results showed that punctuation mistakes related to capitalization, commas, periods, apostrophes, and question marks were commonly observed among others. From the findings above, it is clear that some students do not have adequate knowledge regarding the rules of punctuation in English, hence, encounter challenges in using these punctuation in writing exercises. There are several reasons behind this problem, such as interference from the Arabic language, lack of practice in writing, inadequate reading habits, and lack of emphasis on teaching punctuation in English lessons. It is, therefore, evident that enhancing students’ competence in punctuation involves teaching punctuation, writing exercises, and provision of positive feedback and learning materials.
The Problematic of Happiness between the Philosophical Approach and the Perspective of Human Development
This study examines the problem of happiness between the philosophical approach and the perspective of human development. It explores happiness as one of the central concepts in human thought, both ancient and modern. In Greek philosophy, happiness was closely associated with wisdom, virtue, and the highest good, while in Islamic thought it was connected with the perfection of the soul, righteous action, and the balance between spiritual and bodily needs. In modern philosophy, happiness acquired various dimensions related to reason, duty, freedom, utility, and self-realization. The study aims to clarify the transformation of the concept of happiness from a deep ethical and existential goal in philosophical thought into a life skill and behavioral practice that can be developed within the discourse of human development. It also discusses the relationship between happiness and virtue, pleasure and pain, satisfaction, inner peace, optimism, positive thinking, and mental health. The research adopts both the historical philosophical method and the descriptive analytical method in order to trace the development of the concept of happiness and analyze its theoretical and practical dimensions. The study concludes that happiness is a multidimensional concept that cannot be limited to pleasure, material success, or individual achievement alone. Rather, it is a complex state that combines inner satisfaction, psychological balance, ethical awareness, and the ability to face life positively. The study also concludes that human development has contributed to bringing the concept of happiness closer to practical life; however, it still needs to be grounded in philosophical and ethical depth so that happiness does not turn into mere quick formulas or superficial slogans
Metaphor and Its Lexical Semantic Significance in Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ’s Mashāriq al-Anwār
This study examines metaphor as one of the prominent rhetorical and semantic phenomena in Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ’s Mashāriq al-Anwār ʿalā Ṣiḥāḥ al-Āthār. It focuses on the relationship between metaphor and the lexical meanings of words occurring in Prophetic Hadith texts. The study is based on the idea that Arabic words are not limited to their original lexical meanings; rather, they may shift to figurative meanings through context and rhetorical usage. Metaphor is considered one of the most significant mechanisms that contribute to this semantic shift. The research aims to reveal Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ’s method in employing metaphor to explain difficult and uncommon expressions in Hadith, and to clarify its role in expanding, specifying, or redirecting meaning from a direct sensory sense to a figurative meaning appropriate to the context. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach by presenting the theoretical concepts of metaphor and lexical semantics, then applying them to selected examples from Mashāriq al-Anwār. The study concludes that Qāḍī ʿIyāḍ was clearly aware of the close relationship between lexical meaning and rhetorical meaning. His treatment of metaphor was not merely a rhetorical observation, but a semantic tool for understanding Prophetic texts and interpreting their intended meanings accurately. The study also shows that metaphor plays an important role in clarifying meaning, preventing literal misinterpretation of religious texts, and linking figurative meanings to their linguistic and lexical origins.
The Effectiveness of Play Counseling in Reducing Shyness among a Sample of School Children in Al-Qarabulli Area
The present study aimed to identify the effectiveness of play counseling in reducing shyness among children by examining the level of shyness before, during, and after the implementation of the counseling program. The study adopted the quasi-experimental approach, as it is the most appropriate method for investigating the effect of a play counseling program on reducing shyness among children. The study sample consisted of 35 school children in Al-Qarabulli area. The study tool was applied to measure the child’s behavior related to shyness before, during, and after play counseling. The results showed that the level of shyness among children was high before the implementation of the program, with a relative weight of 77.90%. It then decreased during the implementation of the program to a moderate level, with a percentage of 59.62%. After the implementation of the program, the level of shyness decreased to a low level, with a percentage of 53.17%. The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences attributed to the gender variable, while statistically significant differences appeared according to the age variable. This suggests that age may play a role in the degree of children’s response to the counseling program. The study concluded that play counseling helps children express their feelings more effectively, increases their ability to interact and participate socially, and contributes to developing self-confidence and reducing withdrawal behavior and shyness.
Metaphor Translation Challenges among Libyan EFL Students: A Case Study at the University of Gharyan
This study investigated the challenges encountered by English majors at the University of Gharyan when dealing with metaphorical expressions. Such expressions are often embedded within culture-bound concepts, providing nuanced meanings specific to particular linguistic communities. Consequently, the research aimed to identify the strategies employed by Libyan students in translating metaphors from English into Arabic. This was achieved by using a translation test comprising fifteen (15) purposively selected metaphors. The test was given to a sample of forty (40) fourth-year students at the Department of English language, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mizda. The subsequent, data analysis followed a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative statistical measures (percentage and frequencies) with a qualitative linguistic analysis based on Newmark's (1988) theoretical framework for metaphor translation. The findings reveal that while students perform well when translating culturally familiar metaphors or those with direct equivalents, significant difficulties arise with abstract and culture-bound expressions. The study concludes that transitional failures are primarily driven by a lack of cultural competence and an over-reliance on semantic fidelity at the expense of communicative resonance. Based on these results, it is recommended that explicit metaphor translation strategies and comparative cultural studies be integrated into the EFL curriculum to bridge the gap between linguistic proficiency and metaphorical competence. Furthermore, the study advocates for enhanced translation training through specialized sessions designed to foster a more conducive learning environment.
Critical Edition and Study of the Treatise "On the Explanation that the Prohibition of Things Is Due to Their Essence" by Wali al-Din Jar Allah al-Hanafi (d. 1151 AH): An Analytical Examination of the Issue of Prohibition Attributed to Substances in Islam
This study examines an important manuscript in the field of Islamic legal theory (Usul al-Fiqh) authored by Wali al-Din Jar Allah. The attribution of the manuscript to its author has been verified through his explicit mention of his name in the introduction of the manuscript. As for its title, no explicit designation by the author was found, unlike what is known from some of his other works. Therefore, it is more likely that the phrase “This is the Gift of the Intelligent Stranger in God” was intended as a descriptive expression rather than a formal title, although it may still be used as a reference to the manuscript. The manuscript investigates a subtle legal-theoretical issue concerning prohibition and permissibility when attributed to tangible entities (al-a‘yan), and whether such attribution conveys literal meaning, metaphor, or ambiguity. This is discussed through an examination of the claim attributed by Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi to Imam al-Karkhi, namely that prohibition attributed to entities is ambiguous. The author critically reviews this attribution by referring to authoritative Hanafi sources, such as Usul al-Bazdawi and Kashf al-Asrar, demonstrating that the position of the majority of Hanafi scholars is that prohibition attributed to entities constitutes a legal reality indicating that the object is no longer legally suitable for the act in question, rather than being merely metaphorical or ambiguous. The treatise is distinguished by its critical scholarly methodology, which is based on tracing opinions, comparing legal schools, and analyzing juristic and legal-theoretical texts. It also seeks to defend the accurate formulation of the Hanafi position and to correct inaccurate attributions found in some works of legal theory regarding Imam al-Karkhi. The significance of the manuscript lies not only in its treatment of an important legal-theoretical issue but also in its contribution to correcting transmitted reports and highlighting the methodology of critical verification employed by scholars of Usul al-Fiqh. Consequently, it represents a valuable contribution to the study of Hanafi intellectual heritage and the history of legal-theoretical disagreement.
The Level of Possession of Basic Teaching Skills among Teachers of the First Three Grades of Basic Education in Mizdah in Light of the Study Variables
This study aimed to identify the level of possession of basic teaching skills among teachers of the first three grades of basic education in Mizdah, according to the variables of academic qualification and years of experience. The study sample consisted of 30 teachers selected purposively. A questionnaire consisting of 29 items was used. After being reviewed by experts and verified for validity and reliability, the results revealed that the level of possession of basic teaching skills among teachers of the first three grades of basic education was high. The findings also showed no statistically significant differences in the level of teaching skills attributable to academic qualification, nor were there any statistically significant differences attributable to years of experience.
The Impact of the Classroom Environment on the Level of Psychological Anxiety among Public Secondary School Students in Waddan, Al-Jufra, Libya
This study aimed to identify the impact of the classroom environment on the level of psychological anxiety among public secondary school students in Waddan, Al-Jufra, Libya, in light of the psychological and educational challenges that may negatively affect students’ mental health and academic performance. The study adopted the descriptive analytical correlational approach due to its suitability to the nature of the topic. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 63 students. The findings revealed that improving the classroom environment contributes to reducing students’ levels of psychological anxiety. The results also showed differences in anxiety levels according to gender, with females experiencing higher levels of anxiety compared to males, while no statistically significant differences were found regarding the educational level variable. The study concluded that the classroom environment represents a fundamental factor in supporting students’ mental health, and that improving the classroom climate contributes to reducing psychological anxiety and enhancing academic and emotional adjustment. The study also demonstrated that the classroom environment is not merely a physical setting for learning, but an integrated psychological and social system that directly affects students’ emotions, behaviors, and emotional responses, particularly psychological anxiety. A classroom characterized by organization, psychological support, and positive relationships between teachers and students contributes to creating a sense of safety and belonging, which positively reflects on students’ mental health and reduces anxiety levels.
The Reality of Employing Artificial Intelligence in University Classrooms: An Applied Study in Higher Education
This study aimed to identify the general level of employing Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications among students of "Course A" at the University of Benghazi. It sought to explore the level of academic interaction resulting from using AI in a collaborative learning environment and to identify the obstacles hindering its effective implementation within the classroom. The researchers adopted an applied descriptive-analytical approach. The study was conducted on a purposive sample of (50) students enrolled in "Course A" with regular physical attendance. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researchers utilized qualitative tools, including structured observation to monitor field interaction and the analysis of learning products for assignments completed by students using (ChatGPT). The results indicated a high and systematic level of AI employment, contributing to a shift in the instructor's role from a traditional lecturer to a digital facilitator. The findings also revealed a significant positive impact on enhancing academic interaction and developing students' critical thinking skills through the critique and analysis of machine-generated content. Regarding obstacles, the researchers identified technical challenges, primarily poor internet connectivity, and cognitive challenges related to ethical awareness and privacy. The study recommended providing a technical infrastructure that supports digital transformation and developing guiding frameworks to regulate the ethical and professional use of AI in higher education.
Academic Interaction, Implementation Obstacles
Systematic Review Paper: The Impact of Authentic Listening Material on Listening Comprehension in The EFL Context
This systematic review investigates the effects of authentic listening materials on listening comprehension within the EFL context, utilizing the PRISMA 2020 framework. Acknowledging the obstacles students face in improving their listening abilities, the research combines insights from 23 articles published between 2010 and 2025. The findings reveal several significant benefits related to the use of authentic materials as improved listening skills, developing vocabulary, and increased student motivation and engagement. Furthermore, the review underlines criteria for selecting appropriate authentic materials, emphasizing the importance of aligning content with learners' interests and proficiency levels. Despite promising results, the review acknowledges limitations related to the scope and variability of the included studies, pointing to areas that require future research. The results stress the importance of integrating authentic resources into language teaching to better prepare students for real-world communication. Overall, this research contributes to understanding how authentic listening materials can enhance the listening skills of EFL learners and motivate them in their language learning journey.
Peer Feedback Influence on Libyan EFL Female University Students’ Disposition to Speak English Inside and Outside Class: a Survey Study
Peer feedback significantly shapes students’ speaking English. This study aims to explore Libyan EFL female university students’ perceptions on the peer feedback influence on their speaking inside and outside classroom. The study employs a survey quantitative method. Data are collected through a survey questionnaire, distributed randomly to 30 female EFL university students at University of Tripoli. Data are analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of percentage. The findings reveal that students are cognizant of the role of peer feedback in improving fluency and bettering speaking confidence. Findings also highlights the importance of peer activities in reducing anxiety and advancing students' willingness to speak. Moreover, findings stress that creating a respectful and non-judgmental environment is essential to enhance speaking confidence. By identifying how peer interactions either support or inhibit students' willingness to speak, this study can inform educators and administrators about the importance of creating a psychologically safe and motivating learning environment. The study calls for the design of peer-focused classroom activities and support systems aimed at enhancing Libyan EFL female students’ fluency and communicative competence
The Impact of AI-Driven Personalized Learning on Language Acquisition and Assessment Strategies for Multilingual Learners (literature review)
This paper explores the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven personalized learning on language acquisition and assessment strategies, specifically focusing on multilingual learners. As global interconnectedness increases, the demand for effective language proficiency among diverse linguistic populations has never been more critical. Traditional language learning methodologies often struggle to cater to the heterogeneous needs of multilingual learners, leading to varied learning outcomes and engagement levels. AI-driven personalized learning offers a promising paradigm shift by adapting educational content, pace, and instructional strategies to individual learner profiles. This review synthesizes current literature to elucidate how AI technologies, including adaptive learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, and natural language processing, facilitate enhanced language acquisition through individualized pathways, real-time feedback, and dynamic content recommendations. Furthermore, the paper examines the evolution of assessment strategies in an AI-enhanced environment, highlighting the potential for more equitable, valid, and reliable evaluations for multilingual learners. It addresses the challenges associated with integrating AI into both learning and assessment, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and technological infrastructure limitations. By analyzing existing research and identifying emerging trends, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the opportunities and implications of AI in fostering linguistic competence and refining assessment practices for multilingual learners, ultimately contributing to more inclusive and effective language education.
The gradual educational approach in light of the Qur'an and Sunnah and its impact on developing teaching methods and serving the community
The gradual approach is one of the most successful educational approaches because of its foundations and methodology that contribute to the scientific experience. It has contributed to this in the Qur’anic and Prophetic drama, thus moving man from the stage of stagnation to the stages of intellectual and mental growth, including the ability to innovate mentally and psychologically. Hence the importance of the research, which is: to identify the concept of educational progression in light of the Qur’an and Sunnah, to reveal the most prominent forms of educational progression in the Sharia texts and its educational dimensions, and to clarify the impact of progression on developing teaching methods in terms of curriculum planning, content organization and teaching methods. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach to achieve the desired goals, which are: to show the Prophet’s approach, may God bless him and grant him peace, in gradualism through analyzing his educational and pedagogical positions, and to show how the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, used the method of gradualism in conveying knowledge and modifying behavior. The problem of the study revolves around the limited application of the educational gradualism method, even though the Holy Qur’an and the Noble Prophetic Sunnah have presented a unique educational model that relies on the principle of gradualism in guiding the learner and building his behavior and knowledge. Many contemporary teaching methods are still presented in a stereotypical way that does not take this principle into account, which leads to educational gaps and weakness in learners’ comprehension, and limits the ability of educational institutions to perform their role in serving society. Among the most important findings of the study: 1- The study confirmed that the gradual educational approach is one of the authentic educational methods that plays an important role in acquiring continuous learning skills, so that it does not remain in a state of stagnation. 2. The study concluded that the gradual approach aligns with human nature and its innate ability to absorb information in sequential steps and according to well-defined principles and rules. 3. The study concluded that the gradual approach contributes to improving the quality of education by taking into account individual differences, facilitating information comprehension, and raising the academic achievement level of learners.
Characteristics of the Successful Teacher and Their Relationship to Effective Teaching Methods
This study aims to identify the characteristics of a successful teacher and their relationship with effective teaching methods from the perspective of secondary school teachers. The study adopted a descriptive correlational approach and was conducted on a population of 130 male and female teachers. A stratified random sample of 40 teachers (18 males and 22 females) was selected. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire consisting of two dimensions: characteristics of a successful teacher and effective teaching methods. A five-point Likert scale was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient to examine the relationship between the two variables. The results showed that the most important characteristics of a successful teacher are professional competence, communication skills, and classroom management. The most effective teaching methods identified were discussion and dialogue, brainstorming, and practical demonstration. The findings also revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between teacher characteristics and effective teaching methods (r = 0.78, p = 0.001). Based on these findings, the study recommends developing teacher preparation programs to enhance both professional and personal characteristics, encouraging the use of diverse and effective teaching methods, supporting teachers with appropriate educational resources, and conducting further research to expand the scope of the study
The Role of the Social Worker in Developing Citizenship Values among Students: A Field Study on a Sample of Social Workers in Secondary Educational Institutions – Misrata City
Social service is one of the modern professions used by society, in order to help people for providing their needs, and carrying out their responsibilities in facing complex lifestyles. The nature of the problems they face. Research and studies are one of the professional methods and mechanisms used by practitioners to achieve the goals of the profession and achieve its societal mission. This study aims to identify the values of citizenship among high school students in educational institutions, to identify the activities and means that are used to develop citizenship values, to know the obstacles that prevent the development of citizenship values among secondary students; as well as identifying the role of the social worker in developing the values of citizenship among stude.
Quality of Educational Services and Its Impact on Customer Satisfaction: An Applied Study of Babylon International Schools – Bani Walid Branch
This study aimed to examine the impact of educational service quality on customer satisfaction at Babel International Schools in Bani Walid, in light of the growing importance of service quality as a key factor for achieving institutional excellence. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the main data collection tool distributed to a simple random sample of (120) parents. The results revealed a strong positive statistically significant relationship between educational service quality and customer satisfaction. The findings also indicated a direct effect of service quality on the level of customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the study showed that both the quality of educational services and customer satisfaction levels were high, with some variation in certain aspects such as tuition fees. The study also highlighted the school’s focus on e-learning, educational activities, and enhancing communication with students, which contributes to improving the overall quality of the educational process. Based on these findings, the study recommends continuous improvement of educational service quality, strengthening e-learning systems, and responding effectively to customer needs to enhance satisfaction and achieve institutional excellence.
An Investigation of the Challenges that Libyan EFL Postgraduate Students Face in Writing Research Papers: Voices from the Field
Writing research papers is one of the most common requirements in postgraduate programs. The present study seeks to investigate the challenges that Libyan EFL postgraduate students‟ face in writing research papers. Through semi-structured interviews with 10 students, the findings demonstrate that students‟ perceived difficulties can be systematically classified into two primary categories. The first category pertains to subject-specific knowledge, particularly difficulties related to analyzing and synthesizing the relevant literature. The second category relates to English language proficiency, including an inadequate mastery of academic writing conventions and insufficient skills to develop research articles effectively at the lexical, syntactic, and discourse levels. In terms of supporting postgraduate students in writing research papers, the participants in this study suggest that the postgraduate programs should offer professional development opportunities through a series of related writing courses and workshops.
Social and Economic Problems Associated with Women’s Empowerment in Libyan Society: A Study on a Sample of Working Women in the Education Sector in Benghazi City
This study aims to identify the most important social and economic problems associated with women’s empowerment in Libyan society, with a focus on the situation of women working in the education sector in the city of Benghazi. The study stems from the importance of women’s role in the development process and the challenges they face that hinder their effective participation in economic and social life. The study adopted the descriptive–analytical method and was applied to a sample of women working in the education sector, including administrative employees and workers, in order to document their professional and social experiences and analyze the problems they encounter. A questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection. The results of the study showed that working women suffer from several social problems, most notably the occasional lack of family support and the multiple roles assigned to women between work and family responsibilities. In addition, there are cultural and social constraints that limit opportunities for women’s empowerment and career advancement. The study also revealed economic challenges such as low wages compared to the requirements of living, weak financial incentives, and limited opportunities for promotion and professional training, which negatively affect job and economic stability. The study concluded with the need to strengthen policies supporting women in Libyan society, particularly in the education sector, by improving economic conditions, providing training and qualification programs, supporting work–family balance, and promoting societal awareness of the importance of women’s role.
Pronunciation Problems of Final English Consonant Clusters: An Analytical Study of First-Semester EFL Learners at the Faculty of Education, Misurata
The difficulties of pronouncing English consonant clusters are a common barrier amongst Libyan learners. Therefore, the present study is conducted to investigate the phonological phonotactics in English syllable-final consonant clusters by Libyan learners of English. The study is conducted in the Faculty of Education/ Misurata on forty Libyan students who study in the English Department, and on twelve teachers who were asked to respond to a questionnaire, and two of them were observed during their classes. The results show that the subjects of the study seem to have difficulties in pronouncing English syllable-final consonant clusters, particularly the three consonant clusters in the English three consonant clusters and four consonant clusters in the syllable-final. Besides, the results show that Libyan learners have tendency to insert vowel sounds in the English syllable-final consonant clusters. The results further reveal interesting phenomena in the production of pronunciation in syllable-final consonant clusters produced by Libyan learners of English, such as reduction, substitution and deletion. The results of the questionnaire as well as the classroom observation show that teachers face difficulties in their teaching of English consonant clusters. Time allocated for teaching phonetics is not enough to deal with each student' pronunciation. Teachers need to listen more to their students to encourage them to speak
A Comparative Study of Human vs. Generative AI Translation of English Poetry into Arabic: Assessing Stylistic Fidelity and Creative Nuance
This study compares the quality of translating English poetry into Arabic by human translators versus generative AI models such as GPT-4 and Google Bard. Employing a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, it examines translations of four renowned English poems (by Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Emily Dickinson, and T. S. Eliot) produced by professional human translators and AI tools. The analysis evaluates stylistic fidelity (rhythm, poetic imagery, and metaphors) and creative nuance (preservation of emotional and cultural depth). Findings reveal that human translations outperform AI in conveying creative nuance by 72%, while AI excels in speed and literal accuracy but struggles with cultural contexts. The study recommends integrating both approaches to improve literary translation quality.
The Difficulties Faced by English Language Teachers in Teaching Vocabulary to Primary School Students in Alkhoms City: A Field Study
The objectives of the study are to investigate the difficulties that faced by English teachers in teaching vocabulary to young learners at Primary schools in Alkhoms city, and find out the reasons behind the difficulties that faced by teachers in teaching vocabulary to young learners at Primary schools in Alkhoms city. The method of the research was quantitative which obtain the data through questionnaire. The participants of this study were 50 teachers at primary schools. The analysis method used to analysis the data is statistical methods which are frequency and percentage. The results of the study showed that the teachers face problems in teaching English vocabulary, and they do not use effective strategies and techniques to aid the students to learn vocabulary; they do not use pictures such as posters, flashcards or wall charts to make the meaning of unknown word, they do not use enumerated technique to explain difficult words, and they do not use any electronic devices such as computers, data show, CD player or other devices. They just translate the meaning of new words in Arabic, and give the students a list of words to memorize them. The teachers face difficulty in telling our students to memorize vocabulary because some students are lazy and the students are not active and confident. Moreover, the teachers face difficulties in teaching vocabulary because of the time constraints of the class. The study was concluded with conclusion and some recommendations and suggestions for teachers, students and other researchers.
The evolution of distance learning and hybrid education methods and their impact on students' mental health and academic performance: an analysis of contemporary research trends
This research aims to explore the impact of the development of distance learning and blended education on students’ mental health and academic performance during the period (2015–2025), given the profound transformation these learning models have introduced to educational practices and the new psychological and cognitive challenges they impose on learners، The study employed a systematic thematic analysis to review 24 published studies retrieved from specialized academic databases (Scopus, ERIC, PsycINFO, Google Scholar), using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria، Data were analyzed according to Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis framework through methodological, theoretical, and geographical-cultural classifications، The findings revealed mixed effects of distance and blended learning on mental health, including increased academic anxiety, psychological distress, and social isolation among some student groups, alongside enhanced flexibility and learner autonomy among others، Academic performance outcomes varied depending on the availability of psychological support and the quality of instructional interaction، Significant methodological gaps were identified, particularly the scarcity of longitudinal and experimental studies and limited cultural representation، The study recommends conducting longitudinal multidisciplinary research, developing psychologically supportive learning models, and strengthening academic counseling services in digital learning environments
Exploring Metacognitive Reading Strategies for Comprehending English Scientific Texts: A Study of Libyan Medical Students
The current study investigates the use of metacognitive reading strategies in understanding scientific publications in English among Libyan medical students at medicine faculty in Misurata city. It aims to examine what strategies are used among Libyan medical students, as well as the impact of these strategies on their comprehension abilities. An additional objective is to assess how aware Libyan students are of metacognitive reading strategies. A mixed method approach is designed through a questionnaire. The questionnaire includes both closed-ended items for statistical analysis and open-ended questions to elicit more detailed insights on students’ awareness of using metacognitive strategies. The participants were 92 students enrolled at the faculty of medicine. The questionnaire is designed in two versions, English and Arabic, to avoid any difficulties in interpreting the items. The results reveal that medical students tend to prefer certain strategies over others to understand scientific texts, and these preferences vary among students. The results highlight important implications for EFL teachers and pedagogical education; teachers could train students to use a variety of reading strategies that foster deeply deeper engagement in reading.
Parental Parenting Styles and Their Relationship to Adolescents’ Prosocial Behavior: A Field Study of Secondary School Students in Educational Institutions in Misrata
This study aimed to examine the relationship between parental treatment styles and the positive social behavior of secondary school students in educational institutions in the city of Misurata. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach using a social survey method with a sample of 163 male and female students selected randomly. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. The findings revealed statistically significant correlations between positive parental styles—such as acceptance, dialogue, and encouragement—and students’ positive social behavior. The results also showed significant differences in negative parenting styles according to gender, academic level, and father’s educational level, while no significant differences were found based on age. The study highlights the crucial role of the family in shaping children's personality and social behavior and emphasizes the importance of positive parenting practices based on communication, support, and acceptance.
Reasons for the phenomenon of cheating in exams among students of the Faculty of Education, Misrata University, from the perspective of the students of the faculty
This study aims to identify the reasons for the phenomenon of cheating in exams among students of the Faculty of Education at Misurata University from the perspective of the students of the college. The researcher followed the descriptive approach, and the study tool was a questionnaire. The research population consisted of (267) students of the college, while the main research sample consisted of (70) female students in the Department of Classroom Teacher who were chosen randomly, at a rate of 25% of the study population. After applying the study and conducting the statistical analysis, the results showed that the students’ assessments of the reasons for cheating in exams came in moderate ratings, with an agreement rate of (63.6%), and that there are no statistically significant differences in the assessments of the students of the Faculty of Education at Misurata University from the perspective of the students of the college regarding the reasons for cheating in exams according to the variables of (semester, marital status, age).
University EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of Reading Aloud as a Teaching Strategy in Reading Classes
This study investigates university EFL teachers’ perceptions of reading aloud as a teaching strategy in reading classes. Although reading aloud is often associated with young learners, it remains a potentially valuable instructional practice for enhancing comprehension, pronunciation, and learner engagement in tertiary EFL contexts. The main objective of this research is to explore how university English instructors perceive the role, benefits, and challenges of using reading aloud in their teaching. A mixed-methods approach was employed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 28 university EFL reading instructors to identify their frequency of use, perceived effectiveness, and attitudes toward reading aloud. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with selected participants to obtain deeper insights into their experiences and beliefs regarding this instructional technique. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics to highlight trends in teachers’ responses, while the interview data were thematically analyzed to identify common themes and perspectives. The findings revealed that teachers generally conceptualize the value of reading aloud in developing students’ reading comprehension and engagement, although contextual factors such as large class sizes and time constraints influence their instructional choices. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of effective reading instruction strategies in EFL university settings and to inform teacher training and curriculum development.
Intellectual Security among Libyan Secondary Students: An Integrative Model Based on Psychological Inoculation and Basic Needs Theory
Amid the escalating challenges of information disorder and intellectual polarization facing Libya's educational system, this study aims to construct a proposed theoretical model to enhance intellectual security among secondary school students. The model relies on the systematic integration of preventive Psychological Inoculation strategies, Basic Psychological Needs Theory as an explanatory framework, and Social Cognitive Theory as a behavioral mechanism. Employing an analytical theoretical review methodology, the study analyzed 29 prior studies published between 2020 and 2025 using critical thematic analysis and comparative synthesis. The analysis yielded a five-dimensional structure of intellectual security and provided reference evidence regarding the effectiveness of psychological inoculation, adapting its mechanisms to align with the Arab-Islamic values specific to the Libyan context. The research presents a conceptual model operating on three synergistic levels (preventive, developmental, and behavioral), wherein value-based constants are utilized as cognitive filters to bolster intellectual immunity. This model bridges a research gap by translating inoculation theory from Western contexts to the Libyan educational environment, providing a reference framework for researchers and policymakers to design preventive interventions that are culturally responsive to Libyan society, moving beyond traditional security-centric approaches.
Investigating the Effects of Self-Assessment on Motivation and Language Proficiency among English Department Students at the Faculty of Arts, AL-Assaba, University of Gharian
This study investigates the effects of self-assessment on students’ motivation and language proficiency among English Department students at the Faculty of Arts, AL-Assaba. A quantitative research design was adopted, using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 60 students. The findings indicate that self-assessment plays a significant role in enhancing learners’ motivation, self-awareness, and perceived language proficiency. Most students reported positive attitudes toward self-assessment and felt it Improved their English skills. The study concludes that incorporating self-assessment into English language instruction can foster learner autonomy and Improve learning outcomes. It recommends Integrating self-assessment practices into curricula and providing guidance to students on effective self-assessment.
Highlighting the Gap Caused by Neglecting the Teaching of Punctuation Marks in English Course Books: The Case of Libyan Students
This study explores the lack of focus on teaching punctuation in English course books for Libyan students. Punctuation is crucial for obvious written communication, yet various students struggle with its correct use. The research examines the differences and similarities between English and Arabic punctuation, highlights common errors in students’ writing, and identifies limitations in existing course materials. Practical solutions, including the creation of tailored teaching materials and interactive classroom activities, are suggested to meet these issues. Improving punctuation instruction can enhance students’ writing ability and support effective language learning. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach based on the analysis of students’ written samples and a review of English course books used in Libyan higher education.