Libyan Journal of Educational Research and E-Learning (LJERE)
type: channel
description: The Libyan Journal of Educational Research and E-Learning (LJERE) (ISSN: 3105-3556), published by the Libyan Association for Research in Education and E-learning, is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal. We are dedicated to publishing high-quality, original research that advances the fields of education and e-learning. With ISSN (ISSN: 3105-3556), our mission is to provide a platform for scholars and practitioners to share research on educational methodologies, pedagogical innovation, and the use of technology in teaching and learning. LJERE publishes two issues annually. Our scope is broad, covering research on e-learning, AI in education, teacher training, special education, and educational policy. We also welcome studies related to the education of various subjects, including Biology, Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, English and Arabic Languages, and Fine Art Education. We are committed to fostering a global community of researchers and contributing to the improvement of educational practices.
publisher: Libyan Association for Research in Education and E-learning
language: en
publication name: Libyan Journal of Educational Research and E-Learning (LJERE)
issn: 3105-3556
items: Social and Economic Problems Associated with Women’s Empowerment in Libyan Society: A Study on a Sample of Working Women in the Education Sector in Benghazi City
items: Pronunciation Problems of Final English Consonant Clusters: An Analytical Study of First-Semester EFL Learners at the Faculty of Education, Misurata
items: A Comparative Study of Human vs. Generative AI Translation of English Poetry into Arabic: Assessing Stylistic Fidelity and Creative Nuance
items: The Difficulties Faced by English Language Teachers in Teaching Vocabulary to Primary School Students in Alkhoms City: A Field Study
items: The evolution of distance learning and hybrid education methods and their impact on students' mental health and academic performance: an analysis of contemporary research trends
items: Exploring Metacognitive Reading Strategies for Comprehending English Scientific Texts: A Study of Libyan Medical Students
items: Parental Parenting Styles and Their Relationship to Adolescents’ Prosocial Behavior: A Field Study of Secondary School Students in Educational Institutions in Misrata
items: Reasons for the phenomenon of cheating in exams among students of the Faculty of Education, Misrata University, from the perspective of the students of the faculty
items: University EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of Reading Aloud as a Teaching Strategy in Reading Classes
items: Intellectual Security among Libyan Secondary Students: An Integrative Model Based on Psychological Inoculation and Basic Needs Theory
items: Investigating the Effects of Self-Assessment on Motivation and Language Proficiency among English Department Students at the Faculty of Arts, AL-Assaba, University of Gharian
items: Highlighting the Gap Caused by Neglecting the Teaching of Punctuation Marks in English Course Books: The Case of Libyan Students
items: A Methodological Study on Data Collection Procedures in Social Research
items: The Impact of Native Language Interference on English Proficiency: A Multi_ Methodological Study of Secondary School EFL Learners in Alkhoms, Libya
items: The Role of Kindergartens in Activating Digital Transformation and Its Impact on the Educational Process
items: Perceptions of University Students Regarding English Language Instructors' Utilization of the Mother Tongue in Higher Education Classrooms
items: Artificial Intelligence and Transformations of Social Structure: A Critical Sociological Approach in Light of the Reconfiguration of Power, Work, and Knowledge
items: Investigating Common Grammatical Errors Made by Libyan EFL Students in Writing: A Case Study in the Department of English at Sirte University
items: The Significance of Course Books in ELT Classrooms: A Critical Perspective from the Libyan Context
items: The Effectiveness of Using E-Learning to Address Individual Differences among Students at the Higher Institute of Technical Sciences in (Raqdaline)
items: The Role of E-Learning in Accounting in Developing the Skills of Accounting Students at Libyan Universities (From the perspective of faculty members)
items: Teaching Methods and Their Role in Activating the Educational Process
items: Psychological and Social Stress among Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Role of Psychological Support
items: The Reality of Using Modern Educational and Technological Aids in Teaching Geography A Field Study on a Sample of Geography Teachers in the City of Al-Qubbah
items: Self-Confidence and Coping Strategies for Psychological Stress and Their Relationship with Risk-Taking Orientation among Adolescents
items: Perspectives on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Quality of Scientific Research: A Comparative Study between Students and Faculty Members in Library and Information Science Departments
items: The reality of quality in our educational institutions between theory and practice (An analytical study in light of modern educational literature)
items: Artificial Intelligence between the Human Mind and the Machine: A Philosophical Study of Concept, Function, and Ethics
items: Electronic Games and Their Impact on Academic Achievement among Secondary School Students (A Field Study in the City of Zintan)
items: Problems Facing the Management of Kindergartens: A Field Study from the Perspective of Kindergarten Principals

Social and Economic Problems Associated with Women’s Empowerment in Libyan Society: A Study on a Sample of Working Women in the Education Sector in Benghazi City
type: item
description: This study aims to identify the most important social and economic problems associated with women’s empowerment in Libyan society, with a focus on the situation of women working in the education sector in the city of Benghazi. The study stems from the importance of women’s role in the development process and the challenges they face that hinder their effective participation in economic and social life. The study adopted the descriptive–analytical method and was applied to a sample of women working in the education sector, including administrative employees and workers, in order to document their professional and social experiences and analyze the problems they encounter. A questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection. The results of the study showed that working women suffer from several social problems, most notably the occasional lack of family support and the multiple roles assigned to women between work and family responsibilities. In addition, there are cultural and social constraints that limit opportunities for women’s empowerment and career advancement. The study also revealed economic challenges such as low wages compared to the requirements of living, weak financial incentives, and limited opportunities for promotion and professional training, which negatively affect job and economic stability. The study concluded with the need to strengthen policies supporting women in Libyan society, particularly in the education sector, by improving economic conditions, providing training and qualification programs, supporting work–family balance, and promoting societal awareness of the importance of women’s role.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women’s Empowerment
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Problems
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Problems
  topic: keywords
subject: Working Women
  topic: keywords
subject: Education Sector
  topic: keywords
subject: Libyan Society
  topic: keywords
creator: Salma Husayn Abdullh Qadirboh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-09
publication date: 2026-02-09
starting page: 297
ending page: 315
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.86

Pronunciation Problems of Final English Consonant Clusters: An Analytical Study of First-Semester EFL Learners at the Faculty of Education, Misurata
type: item
description: The difficulties of pronouncing English consonant clusters are a common barrier amongst Libyan learners. Therefore, the present study is conducted to investigate the phonological phonotactics in English syllable-final consonant clusters by Libyan learners of English. The study is conducted in the Faculty of Education/ Misurata on forty Libyan students who study in the English Department, and on twelve teachers who were asked to respond to a questionnaire, and two of them were observed during their classes. The results show that the subjects of the study seem to have difficulties in pronouncing English syllable-final consonant clusters, particularly the three consonant clusters in the English three consonant clusters and four consonant clusters in the syllable-final. Besides, the results show that Libyan learners have tendency to insert vowel sounds in the English syllable-final consonant clusters. The results further reveal interesting phenomena in the production of pronunciation in syllable-final consonant clusters produced by Libyan learners of English, such as reduction, substitution and deletion. The results of the questionnaire as well as the classroom observation show that teachers face difficulties in their teaching of English consonant clusters. Time allocated for teaching phonetics is not enough to deal with each student' pronunciation. Teachers need to listen more to their students to encourage them to speak
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Consonant clusters
  topic: keywords
subject: English phonology
  topic: keywords
subject: phonological constraints
  topic: keywords
subject: English pronunciation
  topic: keywords
subject: Libyan EFL learners
  topic: keywords
creator: Hanaa Mohammad Zabiya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-07
publication date: 2026-02-07
starting page: 279
ending page: 296
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.85

A Comparative Study of Human vs. Generative AI Translation of English Poetry into Arabic: Assessing Stylistic Fidelity and Creative Nuance
type: item
description: This study compares the quality of translating English poetry into Arabic by human translators versus generative AI models such as GPT-4 and Google Bard. Employing a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, it examines translations of four renowned English poems (by Shakespeare, Wordsworth, Emily Dickinson, and T. S. Eliot) produced by professional human translators and AI tools. The analysis evaluates stylistic fidelity (rhythm, poetic imagery, and metaphors) and creative nuance (preservation of emotional and cultural depth). Findings reveal that human translations outperform AI in conveying creative nuance by 72%, while AI excels in speed and literal accuracy but struggles with cultural contexts. The study recommends integrating both approaches to improve literary translation quality.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: poetic translation
  topic: keywords
subject: generative artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: stylistic fidelity
  topic: keywords
subject: creative nuance
  topic: keywords
subject: English-Arabic translation
  topic: keywords
creator: Fadia Al-Hashmi Al-Massri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-05
publication date: 2026-02-05
starting page: 260
ending page: 278
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.84

The Difficulties Faced by English Language Teachers in Teaching Vocabulary to Primary School Students in Alkhoms City: A Field Study
type: item
description: The objectives of the study are to investigate the difficulties that faced by English teachers in teaching vocabulary to young learners at Primary schools in Alkhoms city, and find out the reasons behind the difficulties that faced by teachers in teaching vocabulary to young learners at Primary schools in Alkhoms city. The method of the research was quantitative which obtain the data through questionnaire. The participants of this study were 50 teachers at primary schools. The analysis method used to analysis the data is statistical methods which are frequency and percentage. The results of the study showed that the teachers face problems in teaching English vocabulary, and they do not use effective strategies and techniques to aid the students to learn vocabulary; they do not use pictures such as posters, flashcards or wall charts to make the meaning of unknown word, they do not use enumerated technique to explain difficult words, and they do not use any electronic devices such as computers, data show, CD player or other devices. They just translate the meaning of new words in Arabic, and give the students a list of words to memorize them. The teachers face difficulty in telling our students to memorize vocabulary because some students are lazy and the students are not active and confident. Moreover, the teachers face difficulties in teaching vocabulary because of the time constraints of the class. The study was concluded with conclusion and some recommendations and suggestions for teachers, students and other researchers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: vocabulary
  topic: keywords
subject: difficulty
  topic: keywords
subject: teacher
  topic: keywords
creator: Enas Omar El-Wahab
creator: Muhammed Ahmed Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-02
publication date: 2026-02-02
starting page: 249
ending page: 259
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.83

The evolution of distance learning and hybrid education methods and their impact on students' mental health and academic performance: an analysis of contemporary research trends
type: item
description: This research aims to explore the impact of the development of distance learning and blended education on students’ mental health and academic performance during the period (2015–2025), given the profound transformation these learning models have introduced to educational practices and the new psychological and cognitive challenges they impose on learners، The study employed a systematic thematic analysis to review 24 published studies retrieved from specialized academic databases (Scopus, ERIC, PsycINFO, Google Scholar), using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria، Data were analyzed according to Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis framework through methodological, theoretical, and geographical-cultural classifications، The findings revealed mixed effects of distance and blended learning on mental health, including increased academic anxiety, psychological distress, and social isolation among some student groups, alongside enhanced flexibility and learner autonomy among others، Academic performance outcomes varied depending on the availability of psychological support and the quality of instructional interaction، Significant methodological gaps were identified, particularly the scarcity of longitudinal and experimental studies and limited cultural representation، The study recommends conducting longitudinal multidisciplinary research, developing psychologically supportive learning models, and strengthening academic counseling services in digital learning environments
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Distance Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Blended Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Mental Health
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Performance
  topic: keywords
subject: Students
  topic: keywords
creator: Mabrouka Ramadan Ibrahim Aboukhadeer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-02-01
publication date: 2026-02-01
starting page: 239
ending page: 248
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.82

Exploring Metacognitive Reading Strategies for Comprehending English Scientific Texts: A Study of Libyan Medical Students
type: item
description: The current study investigates the use of metacognitive reading strategies in understanding scientific publications in English among Libyan medical students at medicine faculty in Misurata city. It aims to examine what strategies are used among Libyan medical students, as well as the impact of these strategies on their comprehension abilities. An additional objective is to assess how aware Libyan students are of metacognitive reading strategies. A mixed method approach is designed through a questionnaire. The questionnaire includes both closed-ended items for statistical analysis and open-ended questions to elicit more detailed insights on students’ awareness of using metacognitive strategies. The participants were 92 students enrolled at the faculty of medicine. The questionnaire is designed in two versions, English and Arabic, to avoid any difficulties in interpreting the items. The results reveal that medical students tend to prefer certain strategies over others to understand scientific texts, and these preferences vary among students. The results highlight important implications for EFL teachers and pedagogical education; teachers could train students to use a variety of reading strategies that foster deeply deeper engagement in reading.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: metacognitive strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: reading
  topic: keywords
subject: comprehension
  topic: keywords
subject: medical students
  topic: keywords
creator: Muna Bashir Almadani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-27
publication date: 2026-01-27
starting page: 226
ending page: 238
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.81

Parental Parenting Styles and Their Relationship to Adolescents’ Prosocial Behavior: A Field Study of Secondary School Students in Educational Institutions in Misrata
type: item
description: This study aimed to examine the relationship between parental treatment styles and the positive social behavior of secondary school students in educational institutions in the city of Misurata. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach using a social survey method with a sample of 163 male and female students selected randomly. A questionnaire was used as the main data collection tool, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. The findings revealed statistically significant correlations between positive parental styles—such as acceptance, dialogue, and encouragement—and students’ positive social behavior. The results also showed significant differences in negative parenting styles according to gender, academic level, and father’s educational level, while no significant differences were found based on age. The study highlights the crucial role of the family in shaping children's personality and social behavior and emphasizes the importance of positive parenting practices based on communication, support, and acceptance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parental treatment styles
  topic: keywords
subject: Positive social behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Family socialization
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary school students
  topic: keywords
subject: Family relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Parenting practices
  topic: keywords
subject: Social work
  topic: keywords
creator: Najat Mohamed Mukhtar Ben Ghier
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-25
publication date: 2026-01-25
starting page: 215
ending page: 225
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.80

Reasons for the phenomenon of cheating in exams among students of the Faculty of Education, Misrata University, from the perspective of the students of the faculty
type: item
description: This study aims to identify the reasons for the phenomenon of cheating in exams among students of the Faculty of Education at Misurata University from the perspective of the students of the college. The researcher followed the descriptive approach, and the study tool was a questionnaire. The research population consisted of (267) students of the college, while the main research sample consisted of (70) female students in the Department of Classroom Teacher who were chosen randomly, at a rate of 25% of the study population. After applying the study and conducting the statistical analysis, the results showed that the students’ assessments of the reasons for cheating in exams came in moderate ratings, with an agreement rate of (63.6%), and that there are no statistically significant differences in the assessments of the students of the Faculty of Education at Misurata University from the perspective of the students of the college regarding the reasons for cheating in exams according to the variables of (semester, marital status, age).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cheating phenomenon
  topic: keywords
subject: exams
  topic: keywords
subject: Faculty of Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Marwa Ibrahim Abja
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-24
publication date: 2026-01-24
starting page: 200
ending page: 214
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.79

University EFL Teachers’ Perceptions of Reading Aloud as a Teaching Strategy in Reading Classes
type: item
description: This study investigates university EFL teachers’ perceptions of reading aloud as a teaching strategy in reading classes. Although reading aloud is often associated with young learners, it remains a potentially valuable instructional practice for enhancing comprehension, pronunciation, and learner engagement in tertiary EFL contexts. The main objective of this research is to explore how university English instructors perceive the role, benefits, and challenges of using reading aloud in their teaching. A mixed-methods approach was employed to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. A questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 28 university EFL reading instructors to identify their frequency of use, perceived effectiveness, and attitudes toward reading aloud. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with selected participants to obtain deeper insights into their experiences and beliefs regarding this instructional technique. Data from the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics to highlight trends in teachers’ responses, while the interview data were thematically analyzed to identify common themes and perspectives. The findings revealed that teachers generally conceptualize the value of reading aloud in developing students’ reading comprehension and engagement, although contextual factors such as large class sizes and time constraints influence their instructional choices. This study aims to contribute to the understanding of effective reading instruction strategies in EFL university settings and to inform teacher training and curriculum development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: reading aloud
  topic: keywords
subject: EFL teachers
  topic: keywords
subject: perceptions
  topic: keywords
subject: reading instruction
  topic: keywords
subject: university, questionnaire
  topic: keywords
subject: semi-structured interview
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabha Hassan Hamed
creator: Ameen O Saleh Almanafi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-24
publication date: 2026-01-24
starting page: 189
ending page: 199
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.78

Intellectual Security among Libyan Secondary Students: An Integrative Model Based on Psychological Inoculation and Basic Needs Theory
type: item
description: Amid the escalating challenges of information disorder and intellectual polarization facing Libya's educational system, this study aims to construct a proposed theoretical model to enhance intellectual security among secondary school students. The model relies on the systematic integration of preventive Psychological Inoculation strategies, Basic Psychological Needs Theory as an explanatory framework, and Social Cognitive Theory as a behavioral mechanism. Employing an analytical theoretical review methodology, the study analyzed 29 prior studies published between 2020 and 2025 using critical thematic analysis and comparative synthesis. The analysis yielded a five-dimensional structure of intellectual security and provided reference evidence regarding the effectiveness of psychological inoculation, adapting its mechanisms to align with the Arab-Islamic values specific to the Libyan context. The research presents a conceptual model operating on three synergistic levels (preventive, developmental, and behavioral), wherein value-based constants are utilized as cognitive filters to bolster intellectual immunity. This model bridges a research gap by translating inoculation theory from Western contexts to the Libyan educational environment, providing a reference framework for researchers and policymakers to design preventive interventions that are culturally responsive to Libyan society, moving beyond traditional security-centric approaches.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intellectual Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological Inoculation
  topic: keywords
subject: Basic Psychological Needs
  topic: keywords
subject: Proposed Theoretical Model
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Libya
  topic: keywords
creator: Alriteemi Abdalati
creator: Al-Ratimi Salma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-22
publication date: 2026-01-22
starting page: 175
ending page: 188
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.77

Investigating the Effects of Self-Assessment on Motivation and Language Proficiency among English Department Students at the Faculty of Arts, AL-Assaba, University of Gharian
type: item
description: This study investigates the effects of self-assessment on students’ motivation and language proficiency among English Department students at the Faculty of Arts, AL-Assaba. A quantitative research design was adopted, using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 60 students. The findings indicate that self-assessment plays a significant role in enhancing learners’ motivation, self-awareness, and perceived language proficiency. Most students reported positive attitudes toward self-assessment and felt it Improved their English skills. The study concludes that incorporating self-assessment into English language instruction can foster learner autonomy and Improve learning outcomes. It recommends Integrating self-assessment practices into curricula and providing guidance to students on effective self-assessment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Self-assessment
  topic: keywords
subject: Motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: Language Proficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Learner Autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: English
  topic: keywords
subject: Department Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
creator: Hana Abdusslam Almadani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-21
publication date: 2026-01-21
starting page: 161
ending page: 174
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.75

Highlighting the Gap Caused by Neglecting the Teaching of Punctuation Marks in English Course Books: The Case of Libyan Students
type: item
description: This study explores the lack of focus on teaching punctuation in English course books for Libyan students. Punctuation is crucial for obvious written communication, yet various students struggle with its correct use. The research examines the differences and similarities between English and Arabic punctuation, highlights common errors in students’ writing, and identifies limitations in existing course materials. Practical solutions, including the creation of tailored teaching materials and interactive classroom activities, are suggested to meet these issues. Improving punctuation instruction can enhance students’ writing ability and support effective language learning. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach based on the analysis of students’ written samples and a review of English course books used in Libyan higher education.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Punctuation
  topic: keywords
subject: English course books
  topic: keywords
subject: Libyan students
  topic: keywords
subject: writing skills
  topic: keywords
subject: teaching materials
  topic: keywords
subject: qualitative analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: material adaptation
  topic: keywords
creator: Soad Alshibani Ahmed Altaeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-08
publication date: 2025-12-08
starting page: 362
ending page: 375
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v1i2.74

A Methodological Study on Data Collection Procedures in Social Research
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the steps of data collection in social research as a fundamental stage in the scientific research process, since data represent the raw material upon which research findings and interpretations are built. The study addresses a core problem related to the difficulty of obtaining valid and reliable data under conditions of social instability and recurring crises, particularly in closed societies where individuals may hesitate to provide accurate or honest information. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach by examining the concept of data collection tools and distinguishing them from data sources. It also reviews the main types of data collection tools, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, and content analysis. Furthermore, the study identifies the key factors influencing the selection of appropriate data collection tools, such as the nature of the research topic, the research methodology, the characteristics of the research population, sample size, and the researcher’s methodological expertise. The findings indicate that the selection of data collection tools should not be arbitrary but rather guided by clear methodological criteria to ensure data validity and objectivity, thereby enhancing the credibility and generalizability of research results. The study also emphasizes that adherence to methodological standards in designing and applying data collection tools significantly improves the quality of social research, particularly in academic theses. Accordingly, the study recommends strengthening methodological training for researchers and students to ensure the proper and effective use of data collection tools in social research
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social research
  topic: keywords
subject: data collection
  topic: keywords
subject: research instruments
  topic: keywords
subject: questionnaire
  topic: keywords
subject: interview
  topic: keywords
creator: Salem Mohammed Salem Al-Ammari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-20
publication date: 2026-01-20
starting page: 151
ending page: 160
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.73

The Impact of Native Language Interference on English Proficiency: A Multi_ Methodological Study of Secondary School EFL Learners in Alkhoms, Libya
type: item
description: This study investigates the impact of native language interference on phonological and pedagogical effects in the Libyan English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon, the research employs a mixed method approach, integrated data from 100 secondary students and 50 teachers in Alkhoms,. Quantitative data were gathered through structured questionnaires administered to the students focusing on their attitudes towards English-only instruction and their preferences for L1 (native language) and L2 use in classroom. Complementing this, qualitative data were collected through semi structured interview with teachers to explore pedagogical perspectives and systematic challenges. The findings reveal a significant "Fluency Gap," a phenomenon where learners attain grammatical proficiency but fail to achieve verbal intelligibility. Thematic analysis indicates that the mother language serves as an essential "Functional Bridge" and "Survival Tool" in addressing systemic classroom problems The study indicates that reducing phonetic retention requires early intervention and a transition to a "judicious L1 use" framework in teacher training to align theoretical policy with classroom implementation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cross-Linguistic Influence
  topic: keywords
subject: Fluency Gap
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicious L1 Use
  topic: keywords
subject: Native Language Interference
  topic: keywords
subject: Pedagogical Implications
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruwaida Saleh Faraj Ghabisha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-18
publication date: 2026-01-18
starting page: 136
ending page: 150
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.72

The Role of Kindergartens in Activating Digital Transformation and Its Impact on the Educational Process
type: item
description: The purpose of this study is to investigate how kindergartens contribute to the digital transition and how it affects early childhood education. It comes from seeing how crucial this phase is for laying the groundwork for a child's personality as well as their overall physical, mental, social, and emotional development. The study's main goals are to define the kindergarten stage precisely, to determine its significance and educational goals, and to highlight the role that technology may play in helping instructors and students improve their digital literacy. The study also discusses the digital requirements of the kindergarten learning environment, such as qualified instructors, technologically advanced classrooms, digital tools and gadgets, and parent-teacher cooperation to guarantee digital media use is monitored and supervised. Additionally, it examines the benefits of digital transformation in kindergarten administration, such as enhanced administrative effectiveness, communication facilitation, decreased paper dependence, and speedy and secure data provision. The study's findings demonstrated that incorporating digital education into kindergartens fosters children's creativity and critical thinking, improves social interaction, fosters collaborative learning abilities, and offers ongoing access to curricula and educational resources. To fulfill the demands of the digital age and accomplish holistic child development, the study suggests incorporating digital activities into the curriculum, training instructors in digital media, and creating a learning environment that supports e-learning.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Kindergarten
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational process
  topic: keywords
creator: Amera Salem Abd Alhamed Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-17
publication date: 2026-01-17
starting page: 123
ending page: 135
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.71

Perceptions of University Students Regarding English Language Instructors' Utilization of the Mother Tongue in Higher Education Classrooms
type: item
description: This study investigates the first-year of English language university students' attitude toward using Arabic Language inside higher education classrooms. The importance of using the mother tongue in foreign language teaching classrooms has been extensively discussed, especially where English practice is a crucial academic condition. This study employed a mixed-methods approach, gathering quantitative data via questionnaires distributed to 40 first-year students and qualitative data through semi-structured interviews with a selected subset of participants. The results indicate that students predominantly possess favorable opinions towards the restricted and intentional use of Arabic, especially for elucidating grammar, clarifying challenging terminology, and providing directions. Students articulated that the overuse of Arabic language limits their exposure to English and reduce speaking practice. The research indicates that students prefer an English -centric classroom atmosphere, supplemented by reasonable use of their mother tongue when required. The results indicate the necessity for a balanced and principled application of Arabic in university EFL programs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: English as a Foreign Language
  topic: keywords
subject: mixed approaches
  topic: keywords
subject: native language
  topic: keywords
subject: student perceptions
  topic: keywords
creator: Anwaar Omar Alashab
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
starting page: 110
ending page: 122
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.70

Artificial Intelligence and Transformations of Social Structure: A Critical Sociological Approach in Light of the Reconfiguration of Power, Work, and Knowledge
type: item
description: The contemporary world is witnessing profound structural transformations driven by the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), which has evolved from a mere technical tool into a structural force influencing social relations, labor markets, and patterns of power. This study aims to analyze the impact of AI on the social structure from a critical sociological perspective, relying on a review of sociological literature and discourse analysis of official and institutional narratives. The study finds that AI contributes to reorganizing social relations, reproducing inequalities, redefining work and authority, and raises ethical and social challenges related to algorithmic bias, privacy, accountability, and the digital divide. The study concludes that addressing these challenges requires clear regulatory policies and a critical framework linking innovation to social justice
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Algorithmic Power
  topic: keywords
subject: Inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Divide
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Ethics
  topic: keywords
creator: Suaad Mohammed Elabani
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-13
publication date: 2026-01-13
starting page: 102
ending page: 109
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.68

Investigating Common Grammatical Errors Made by Libyan EFL Students in Writing: A Case Study in the Department of English at Sirte University
type: item
description: The aim of this paper is to identify the types of grammatical errors made by students in the Department of English at Sirte University in writing. A mixed methods approach using quantitative and qualitative research design was employed in this study. Data was collected from thirty English paragraphs written by students about three familiar topics. Students were asked to write a paragraph of 120-150 words on the given topics within about one hour. Students were also interviewed to determine the possible causes behind their errors when writing in English. The students’ written errors were analyzed based on the Error Taxonomy proposed by Byrd and Benson (1994) in order to identify and classify the different types of errors made by the participants. Responses from the students’ interviews were analyzed thematically and unified themes were generated. The results revealed that the thirty students committed 282 errors in total. Students made most errors that fell under the “Punctuation and Mechanic Problems” and the “Most Serious Problems” categories. Within these two categories, the most predominant errors among the participants were punctuation (69 instances, 24.47%), capitalization (55 occurrences, 19.50%), and run-on sentences (33 instances, 11.70%). Results from the students’ interviews indicated that limited vocabulary and lack of understanding of English grammar rules were the main causes of these errors. The study concludes by providing some pedagogical implications, which are expected to assist teachers and material designers in considering the grammatical challenges encountered by EFL learners in writing and in suggesting potential remedies to help them overcome these challenges.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Grammatical Errors
  topic: keywords
subject: Writing
  topic: keywords
subject: EFL Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Error Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Causes
  topic: keywords
creator: Alya Alghannai Abu Dirbala
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-10
publication date: 2026-01-10
starting page: 90
ending page: 101
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.67

The Significance of Course Books in ELT Classrooms: A Critical Perspective from the Libyan Context
type: item
description: This study examines the significance of using course books in English Language Teaching (ELT) classrooms, with specific reference to the Libyan context. It aims to investigate the extent to which course books reinforce effective language learning, classify their advantages and limitations, and recommend criteria for their adaptation. Adopting a qualitative descriptive approach, the study draws on critical analysis of applicable literature and reflective classroom observations. The findings imply that while course books remain a central instructional resource in ELT, their effectiveness largely depends on teachers’ capability to adapt and supplement them according to learners’ needs and contextual factors. The study concludes that course books continue to play an essential role in ELT, provided they are used flexibly and critically.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: course books
  topic: keywords
subject: ELT
  topic: keywords
subject: material adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Libyan context
  topic: keywords
creator: Soad Alshibani Ahmed Altaeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-09
publication date: 2026-01-09
starting page: 80
ending page: 89
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.66

The Effectiveness of Using E-Learning to Address Individual Differences among Students at the Higher Institute of Technical Sciences in (Raqdaline)
type: item
description: The aim of the current research is to study the effectiveness of using e-learning to address individual differences among students. The research sample included (80) students from the Higher Institute of Technical and Vocational Sciences in Brkdalin. The researcher relied on e-learning methods in teaching the experimental group, using statistical methods (a one-way (simple) analysis of variance test and descriptive statistics for the control and experimental groups, and a simple analysis of variance to determine the differences between the averages of the two groups in the achievement test scores). To determine the differences in favor of any of these groups, a post-comparison test was used. The research results showed statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the control group and the experimental group, taking into account individual differences among learners. They also showed statistically significant differences between the experimental group (e-learning) and the control group, taking into account individual differences in favor of the experimental group. Among the most important recommendations of the research is to provide material resources in the form of educational hardware and software, and to train faculty members on how to use various devices and technologies, and to design some educational software and websites.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teaching Methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching Strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Process
  topic: keywords
subject: Active Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Critical and Creative Thinking
  topic: keywords
creator: Hakim Khalifa Al-Muntasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-08
publication date: 2026-01-08
starting page: 67
ending page: 79
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.65

The Role of E-Learning in Accounting in Developing the Skills of Accounting Students at Libyan Universities (From the perspective of faculty members)
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the role of accounting education in developing the skills of accounting students in universities. It explored the role of educational sciences in developing knowledge, personality, technical skills, and communication abilities. The descriptive analysis began with the distribution of a skills questionnaire to 60 faculty members from various public and private accounting departments. The SPSS program was used for data collection. The study concluded that e-learning plays a significant role in students' learning, encompassing technical, personal, and communication skills. Therefore, the study examines the need to review, update, and develop current university curricula to align with the demands of the modern job market. It also emphasizes the importance of providing the necessary equipment for e-learning, such as smart screens, PowerPoint presentations, and internet access on campus.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Areej Amer Mansour Abudawiya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
starting page: 54
ending page: 66
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.64

Teaching Methods and Their Role in Activating the Educational Process
type: item
description: This Research Aimed to Identify the Diverse Teaching Methods, Their Objectives, Foundations, and Specifications Using the Descriptive-Analytical Approach. To Identify These Methods and Clarify Their Educational Importance and their Role in Improving and Developing the Educational Process. Teaching Strategies Aim to Transform the Learning Process from Rote Learning to Active Interaction, Enhancing Interaction and Participation, Focusing on Developing Critical, Creative, Analytical, and Problem-Solving Skills, Encouraging Students to Take Responsibility for their Learning, Developing their Self-confidence and Self-reliance, Using Innovative Methods to Make the Learning Process More Attractive and Motivating for Students, and Playing a Significant Role in Developing Thinking Skills, Taking Into Account the Individual Differences of Students, Encouraging Increased Student Motivation and Passion for Studying, and Helping Students Develop Self-learning Skills and Independence .
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Teaching Methods
  topic: keywords
subject: Teaching Strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Process
  topic: keywords
subject: Active Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Critical
  topic: keywords
subject: Creative Thinking
  topic: keywords
creator: Omar Alarbi Elhaj Mohameed Omar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-05
publication date: 2026-01-05
starting page: 44
ending page: 53
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.63

Psychological and Social Stress among Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Role of Psychological Support
type: item
description: This study aimed to identify the nature of the pressures faced by families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and to examine the main sources of these pressures and their psychological and social impacts on the family as a whole. The study was based on the importance of the family as the primary environment for the child’s development and its central role in the success of any educational or therapeutic intervention directed toward the child. The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach through reviewing relevant literature and previous studies. The findings revealed that families of children with ASD experience high levels of psychological stress due to several factors, most notably difficulties in managing the child’s behaviors, lack of social support, financial burdens related to treatment and rehabilitation, and persistent concerns about the child’s future. The results also indicated that these pressures negatively affect parents’ mental health, family relationships, and overall family adjustment. The study further highlighted the important role of psychological support and family counseling in reducing these pressures by enhancing parents’ awareness of ASD, developing their skills in dealing with the child, and strengthening their capacity for positive adaptation. The study emphasized the importance of early intervention and the provision of specialized counseling programs for families.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Autism Spectrum Disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: Family
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological Stress
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological and Social Support
  topic: keywords
subject: Family Counseling
  topic: keywords
creator: Amna Ahmed Juma Awheedah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-03
publication date: 2026-01-03
starting page: 27
ending page: 43
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.62

The Reality of Using Modern Educational and Technological Aids in Teaching Geography A Field Study on a Sample of Geography Teachers in the City of Al-Qubbah
type: item
description: This study aimed to examine the current use of modern instructional and educational technologies in teaching Geography from the perspective of male and female teachers in Al Qubbah city, and to identify the key constraints that limit their integration into the teaching–learning process. The study adopted a descriptive–analytical approach and used a questionnaire as the data collection instrument, which was administered to a sample of 70 teachers. The findings revealed strongly positive attitudes among teachers regarding the importance of instructional aids in facilitating students’ understanding of course content, enhancing academic achievement, and accelerating the delivery of information. The results also indicated a heavier reliance on traditional geographic teaching aids, with the chalkboard remaining in extensive use at a rate of 100%, compared with limited use of modern technologies such as computers, the Internet, and presentation devices, reported at 34–40%. The study further showed that the main barriers include limited class time, inadequate classroom readiness, and certain health-related and economic factors. The study concluded that it is necessary to establish a supportive instructional environment, intensify professional training programs, and improve school infrastructure to strengthen the effective use of modern instructional technologies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Instructional aids
  topic: keywords
subject: educational technology
  topic: keywords
subject: , geography teaching
  topic: keywords
subject: instructional barriers
  topic: keywords
creator: Hniyah Ali Hamad Abdulmawlay
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 19
ending page: 26
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.61

Self-Confidence and Coping Strategies for Psychological Stress and Their Relationship with Risk-Taking Orientation among Adolescents
type: item
description: This study looks at how teenagers' risk-taking inclinations, coping strategies, and self-confidence interact. This is especially important because dangerous behaviors are becoming more common in this age group as a result of mounting psychological demands. The study's objectives are to comprehend the psychological elements affecting teenage behavior and to ascertain how coping mechanisms and self-assurance contribute to a decrease in risk-taking. The study used a descriptive-analytical technique to gather and examine information about risk-taking tendencies, coping mechanisms, and levels of self-confidence. It concentrated on the causal and correlational connections between these variables. In order to evaluate their influence on the propensity for hazardous behaviors, the study defined the traits of a self-assured teenager, the sources of self-confidence, and successful and inefficient coping mechanisms. The study's findings demonstrated that teenagers who have a high sense of self-worth are better equipped to manage stress and refrain from dangerous, impulsive actions. Additionally, research showed that although reactive or avoidant coping mechanisms increase the chance of participating in hazardous behaviors, positive coping methods like problem-solving, emotional control, and social support decrease an adolescent's propensity to take risks. The findings showed that the degree to which coping mechanisms affect an adolescent's propensity for taking risks is mediated by self-esteem. The study concluded that improving self-esteem and stress-coping skills are important preventative tools for reducing risky behaviors and achieving psychological and social well-being in adolescents. Based on these findings, the study recommended developing educational and psychological programs that foster self-esteem in adolescents and teach them effective coping strategies for stress. These programs should focus on providing social support and encouraging creative and athletic activi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aida Fathi Saleh Abumahdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-12
publication date: 2025-05-12
starting page: 68
ending page: 80
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v1i1.60

Perspectives on the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Quality of Scientific Research: A Comparative Study between Students and Faculty Members in Library and Information Science Departments
type: item
description: This study examines the role and scientific impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in academia by surveying participants' views on its influence and applications within the Library and Information Science education process. Data were collected via an electronic questionnaire distributed to 200 students and 82 faculty members. The research produced comparative results between the two groups' perspectives, ranging from usage patterns to AI's role in fostering critical and creative thinking. Key recommendations include integrating dedicated instructional modules or practical training on AI utilization, alongside developing foundational critical and analytical thinking skills. The study also emphasizes the necessity of establishing clear policies to govern the use of various AI tools.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: AI, Scientific of Quality Research
  topic: keywords
subject: Critical Thinking Skills
  topic: keywords
creator: Hana Abdel Majid Abdel Sayed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-01
publication date: 2026-01-01
starting page: 01
ending page: 18
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v2i1.58

The reality of quality in our educational institutions between theory and practice (An analytical study in light of modern educational literature)
type: item
description: The study aims to analyze the reality of quality implementation in educational institutions and to identify the gap between theory and practice within the Libyan and Arab educational contexts. The descriptive-analytical method was adopted to review educational literature and previous studies. The findings revealed a noticeable weakness in the practical application of quality standards despite the availability of theoretical frameworks. The study also indicated that the absence of monitoring, limited administrative capacity, and insufficient funding are the main obstacles to achieving quality. It recommended fostering an institutional culture of quality and enhancing evaluation and motivation systems to ensure sustainable educational performance improvement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Total Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Practice
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Institutions
  topic: keywords
creator: Omran Mohammed Hussein Al-Haka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-07
publication date: 2025-12-07
starting page: 352
ending page: 361
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v1i2.57

Artificial Intelligence between the Human Mind and the Machine: A Philosophical Study of Concept, Function, and Ethics
type: item
description: This research presents a philosophical and analytical study of artificial intelligence as a contemporary cognitive and technological phenomenon situated at the intersection of the human mind and the machine. The study seeks to examine the conceptual foundations of artificial intelligence, trace its historical development, and analyze its various types, while highlighting the fundamental differences between human intelligence and artificial intelligence in terms of cognition, consciousness, learning, and decision-making. The research also explores the functional applications of artificial intelligence across multiple fields and its growing impact on reshaping human thought and social practices. Particular attention is given to the ethical dimensions of artificial intelligence, addressing issues such as responsibility, justice, privacy, algorithmic bias, and the limits of delegating moral and practical decisions to machines. Employing a philosophical analytical approach supported by a critical comparative method, the study aims to uncover the theoretical and practical challenges posed by artificial intelligence to individuals and societies. The research concludes that, despite its advanced technical capabilities, artificial intelligence remains a tool whose development and application must be governed by human values and ethical frameworks. Ultimately, moral judgment and practical wisdom cannot be fully delegated to machines and remain an exclusive domain of human rationality
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Mind
  topic: keywords
subject: Philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Consciousness
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahseen Miftah Albasheer
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-06
publication date: 2025-12-06
starting page: 335
ending page: 351
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v1i2.56

Electronic Games and Their Impact on Academic Achievement among Secondary School Students (A Field Study in the City of Zintan)
type: item
description: This study aims to investigate the impact of electronic games on the academic achievement of secondary school students in the city of Zintan by analyzing the behavioral, educational, and social factors associated with their use. It also seeks to provide a scientific perspective that includes practical solutions to mitigate the negative effects of excessive gaming. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach, as it is suitable for examining educational and social phenomena. Data were collected using a questionnaire distributed to a sample of (80) male and female students from Al-Mirad Secondary School in Zintan. The findings revealed that addiction to electronic games has become a growing educational and social problem among secondary school students. Most students tend to engage in violent and aggressive games, which negatively affect their levels of concentration and attention, leading to a noticeable decline in academic achievement. Additionally, such excessive use contributes to the emergence of negative behavioral and psychological patterns, including social isolation, withdrawal, and mental distraction. The study concludes that the impact of electronic games goes beyond entertainment to pose cultural, moral, and behavioral risks, highlighting the need for joint efforts by families, schools, and educational and media institutions to raise awareness about the importance of responsible use of modern technology
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electronic Games
  topic: keywords
subject: Academic Achievement
  topic: keywords
subject: Secondary School Students
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Addiction
  topic: keywords
subject: Student Behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Salem Mohammed Al-Qeeb
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-05
publication date: 2025-12-05
starting page: 320
ending page: 334
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v1i2.55

Problems Facing the Management of Kindergartens: A Field Study from the Perspective of Kindergarten Principals
type: item
description: The study aimed to identify the problems facing the kindergarten administration in the city of Benghazi, as well as verifying the presence of differences in the problems facing the kindergarten administration in the city of Benghazi from the point of view of its directors due to the variables of experience and academic qualification. The study used the descriptive approach, and its tool was the questionnaire that was designed based on previous studies and theoretical literature. The questionnaire was applied to a simple random sample of (8) female principals out of (13) female kindergarten principals in the city of Benghazi. The study resulted in the following results: Kindergarten directors face a set of administrative problems, the most important of which are problems related to dealings with the kindergarten administration, then problems related to the kindergarten environment, followed by problems related to kindergarten teachers, then related to planning, and finally problems related to organization. The study found a set of treatment methods, including providing specialists in the field of kindergartens and assigning them the tasks of dealing with this difficult and demanding segment. Supporting government kindergartens financially, technically, and financially: This is achieved by providing the kindergarten infrastructure and maintaining maintainable and modernized buildings. Providing a suitable and reliable curriculum for children, in addition to physical activity within the kindergarten. The kindergarten is managed by scientifically qualified people specializing in kindergarten management, and training courses are conducted on how to deal with children and solve quick daily problems. - There are no statistically significant differences between the responses of study members regarding the administrative problems faced by kindergarten principals due to the variable (experience and academic qualification).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: kindergarten
  topic: keywords
subject: kindergarten problems
  topic: keywords
subject: kindergarten management
  topic: keywords
creator: Hana Afleefil ALsunousi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-03
publication date: 2025-12-03
starting page: 308
ending page: 319
doi: 10.65417/ljere.v1i2.54